What is the impact of deforestation on ecosystem services?

Deforestation significantly reduces biodiversity, which is a critical component of ecosystem services. Biodiversity includes the variety of species both plant and animal within an ecosystem. When forests are cleared, many species lose their habitats, leading to population declines and extinctions. This loss of species diversity can disrupt the intricate relationships that exist within ecosystems, affecting processes such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and habitat structure.

An ecosystem with high biodiversity is generally more resilient and capable of withstanding environmental changes and disturbances. Conversely, reduced biodiversity impairs these functions and can lead to less stable ecosystems that are more vulnerable to pests, diseases, and climate change.

The other options do not accurately reflect the typical consequences of deforestation. While air quality, soil fertility, and water retention are important aspects of ecosystems, deforestation typically compromises rather than enhances these services. Thus, the impact of deforestation is predominantly detrimental to biodiversity.