In evolutionary biology, what is meant by adaptation?

Adaptation in evolutionary biology refers to a feature or trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. This process occurs over many generations through natural selection, where advantageous traits become more common in a population because they confer some benefit in terms of survival or reproductive success.

For example, in arid environments, certain plants may develop deep roots to access water, or animals may evolve coloration that provides better camouflage from predators. These adaptations improve their chances of thriving in their specific habitats. The key aspect of adaptation is its direct link to reproductive success; traits that help an organism survive and reproduce are gradually passed on to subsequent generations.

In contrast, while characteristics that decrease survival or changes in habitat may affect an organism, they do not define adaptation in the context of evolutionary biology. Thus, the focus on enhancement of reproductive success makes the correct answer a fundamental concept within the study of evolution.